I don't know that you are going to find what you want, really. One of your requirements is cheap, and cheap usually doesn't happen in countries that have it all together. I was very impressed with the medical care I got in Singapore, at an expensive private hospital. I don't think there was any differential pricing. Singapore is cheaper than the US but not nearly as cheap as Thailand. However, unless you are going to work and have a skill they need, they are not welcoming to foreigners.

I find Malaysians a lot friendlier, and it isn't that expensive here. They do have a residency program called 'Malaysia My Second Home'. Maybe you should check it out before you leave the area.

I've been to orthopedists in both Honduras and Peru, and both times I was charged more than double what locals said they would charge, and the locals had already adjusted for the 'foreign tourist' prices. The doctor in Peru waived a bunch of charges on my second visit, when he realized I wasn't a rich American with travel insurance but a poor backpacker staying in a dormitory with shared baths and no insurance at all.

You could look into Panama and Mexico. Mexico not only has a residency program but a cheap insurance program. Look at some of the posts in the Mexico forum here.